Native Indian American state that ruled much of what is now Mexico from about 1428 until 1521, when the empire was conquered by the Spaniards (Cortes). The empire represented the highest point in the development of the rich Aztec civilization that had begun more than a century earlier. At the height of their power, the Aztec controlled a region stretching from the Valley of Mexico in central Mexico east to the Gulf of Mexico and south to Guatemala. The Aztec civilization was marked by fine public architecture and by the advancement of learning and the arts. It was based on a caste system and a polytheistic religion involving human sacrifice. The Aztecs created a pictorial alphabet and an elaborate calendar.
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