Prehistoric humans who lived in Europe, the Middle East, and western Asia from about 200,000 to 28,000 years ago. Scientifically, they are usually classified as a separate species, Homo neanderthalensis. Although closely related to modern humans (Homo sapiens), Neandertals were physically distinct. Short and stocky in build, they had large, protruding faces, prominent brows, and low, sloping foreheads, and undeveloped chin. Their brains, however, were fully as big as those of modern humans. The typical lifespan of Neandertals was much shorter than that of people today, with few individuals living beyond 40 years. They were named after the Neanderthal valley in Germany, where such skeleton was found in 1856.
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