Armed conflict between France and England during the years from 1337 to 1453. The Hundred Years’ War was a series of short conflicts, broken intermittently by a number of truces and peace treaties. It resulted from disputes between the ruling families of the two countries, the French Capetians and the English Plantagenets, over territories in France and the succession to the French throne. It was basically caused by the refusal of the Plantagenet of England to do homage to the kings of France for the fief of Aquitaine. Other causes were Anglo-French rivalry for the Flanders wool trade, and a growing sense of national consciousness. The war began in 1337, when Edward III of England claimed the French throne. The English won victories at Sluis (1340), Crecy (1346) and Poitiers (1356), and gained more French territory, though most of it was lost again by 1373. Henry V renewed the war (1415), won a crushing victory at Agincourt (1415) and was recognized as heir to the French throne (Treaty of Troyes, 1420). After his death (1422), Joan of Arc rallied the French , and the English were gradually expelled (1423 - 53) from France, until only Calais remained in their possession.
Hundred Years’ War
Tansistors
In electronics, any of several types of device incorporating an arrangement of semiconductor material ( especially germanium with controlled low concentrations of arsenic, indium, antimony), and suitable contacts capable of performing many of the functions of thermionic and photo-emissive tubes such as power, voltage, or current amplification with low power requirements and large saving of space. Common name for a
group of electronic devices used as amplifiers or oscillators in communications,
control, and computer systems . Until the advent of the
transistor in 1948, developments in the field of electronics were dependent on
the use of thermionic vacuum tubes, magnetic amplifiers, specialized rotating
machinery, and special capacitors as amplifiers.
Dante Gabriel Rossetti
English poet and painter (1828-82), son of of an Italian exile, brother of Christina. With Millais and Holman Hunt formed the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood. In its passionate feeling, its sense of colour and preoccupation with medieval themes and atmosphere, his poetry creates the haunted, autumnal dream world of a group of artists who had turned away from society. Among his best poems are "The Blessed Damozel" (1847), "Sister Helen" (1870), and the sonnet sequence "The House of Life", included in his collection 'Ballads and Sonnets' (1881). His best- known paintings are 'Ecce Ancilla Domini'(1849), 'Beata Beatrix' (1863), 'Dante's Dream' (1871).
Iron Age
The period of the human culture following the Bronze Age, and characterized by the smelting and use of iron. It began among the Hittites people ( Anatolia and northern Syria), 1400 B.C., and reached Southern Europe 1000 B.C. It reached Northern Europe later , and may be divided into the Hallstatt, and La Tene cultures.
The Himalayas
A mountain system in S.Asia, the highest in the world, stretching 1500 miles from Kashmir to Assam between the Indus and Brahmaputra valleys. Highest point: Everest (29028 ft). Other peaks over 25000 ft include Kanchenjunga, Nanga, Parbat, Annapurna, and Nanda Devi. Passes at 18000 ft link India and China.The Himalayan mountain system developed in a series of stages 30 to 50 million years ago.Even today the mountains continue to develop and change, and earthquakes and tremors are frequent in the area.Physically, the Himalayas forms three parallel zones: the Great Himalayas, the Middle Himalayas (also known as the Inner or Lesser Himalayas), and the Sub-Himalayas.
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