Africa
The second largest of Earth’s seven continents, covering 23 percent of the world’s total land area and containing 13 percent of the world’s population. Africa straddles the equator and most of its area lies within the tropics. It is bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the west, the Indian Ocean and Red Sea on the east, and the Mediterranean Sea on the north. In the northeastern corner of the continent, Africa is connected with Asia by the Sinai Peninsula.
Africa is a land of great diversity. If you were to trek across the continent, you would pass through lush, green forests and wander vast, grassy plains. You would cross barren deserts, climb tall mountains, and ford some of the mightiest rivers on Earth.
Africa is the birthplace of the human race. Here, early humans evolved from apes between 8 million and 5 million years ago. Modern human beings evolved between 130,000 and 90,000 years ago, and subsequently spread out of Africa. Ancient Egypt, one of the world’s first great civilizations, arose in northeastern Africa more than 5,000 years ago. Over time many other cultures and states rose and fell in Africa, and by 500 years ago there were prosperous cities, markets, and centers of learning scattered across the continent.
Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP)
The federal police force of Canada, originally instituted (1873) to establish law and order between the Manitoba border and the Rocky mountains. In the 1900s, it tracked down murderers, horse thieves, and desperadoes, contained the Sioux Indians, and assisted thousands of new settlers unfamiliar with the wilderness. It is the only police force in the Yukon and Northwest Territories. In the 1930s, the marine and air divisions, and the first crime detection laboratories were added. Its many duties include ceremonial parades and national security.
CANADIAN CHARTER OF RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS
Whereas Canada is founded upon principles that recognize
the supremacy of God and the rule of law:
Guarantee of Rights and Freedoms
1. The Canadian Charter of Rights and
Freedoms guarantees the rights and freedoms set out in it subject only to
such reasonable limits prescribed by law as can be demonstrably justified in a
free and democratic society.
Fundamental Freedoms
2. Everyone has the following fundamental
freedoms:
(a) freedom of conscience and religion;
(b) freedom of thought, belief, opinion and
expression, including freedom of the press and other media of
communication;
(c) freedom of peaceful assembly; and
(d) freedom of association.
Democratic Rights
3. Every citizen of Canada has the right to vote
in an election of members of the House of Commons or of a legislative assembly
and to be qualified for membership therein.
4. (1) No House of Commons and no legislative
assembly shall continue for longer than five years from the date fixed for the
return of the writs at a general election of its members.
(2) In time of real or apprehended war, invasion or
insurrection, a House of Commons may be continued by Parliament and a
legislative assembly may be continued by the legislature beyond five years if
such continuation is not opposed by the votes of more than one-third of the
members of the House of Commons or the legislative assembly, as the case may
be.
5. There shall be a sitting of Parliament and of
each legislature at least once every twelve months.
Mobility Rights
6. (1) Every citizen of Canada has the right to
enter, remain in and leave Canada.
(2) Every citizen of Canada and every person who has the
status of a permanent resident of Canada has the right
(a) to move to and take up residence in any
province; and
(b) to pursue the gaining of a livelihood in any
province.
(3) The rights specified in subsection (2) are subject
to
(a) any laws or practices of general application
in force in a province other than those that discriminate among persons
primarily on the basis of province of present or previous residence; and
(b) any laws providing for reasonable residency
requirements as a qualification for the receipt of publicly provided social
services.
(4) Subsections (2) and (3) do not preclude any law,
program or activity that has as its object the amelioration in a province of
conditions of individuals in that province who are socially or economically
disadvantaged if the rate of employment in that province is below the rate of
employment in Canada.
Legal Rights
7. Everyone has the right to life, liberty and
security of the person and the right not to be deprived thereof except in
accordance with the principles of fundamental justice.
8. Everyone has the right to be secure against
unreasonable search or seizure.
9. Everyone has the right not to be arbitrarily
detained or imprisoned.
10. Everyone has the right on arrest or
detention
(a) to be informed promptly of the reasons
therefor;
(b) to retain and instruct counsel without delay
and to be informed of that right; and
(c) to have the validity of the detention
determined by way of habeas corpus and to be released if the detention is
not lawful.
11. Any person charged with an offence has the
right
(a) to be informed without unreasonable delay of
the specific offence;
(b) to be tried within a reasonable time;
(c) not to be compelled to be a witness in
proceedings against that person in respect of the offence;
(d) to be presumed innocent until proven guilty
according to law in a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial
tribunal;
(e) not to be denied reasonable bail without just
cause;
(f) except in the case of an offence under
military law tried before a military tribunal, to the benefit of trial by jury
where the maximum punishment for the offence is imprisonment for five years or a
more severe punishment;
(g) not to be found guilty on account of any act
or omission unless, at the time of the act or omission, it constituted an
offence under Canadian or international law or was criminal according to the
general principles of law recognized by the community of nations;
(h) if finally acquitted of the offence, not to
be tried for it again and, if finally found guilty and punished for the offence,
not to be tried or punished for it again; and
(i) if found guilty of the offence and if the
punishment for the offence has been varied between the time of commission and
the time of sentencing, to the benefit of the lesser punishment.
12. Everyone has the right not to be subjected to
any cruel and unusual treatment or punishment.
13. A witness who testifies in any proceedings
has the right not to have any incriminating evidence so given used to
incriminate that witness in any other proceedings, except in a prosecution for
perjury or for the giving of contradictory evidence.
14. A party or witness in any proceedings who
does not understand or speak the language in which the proceedings are conducted
or who is deaf has the right to the assistance of an interpreter.
Equality Rights
15. (1) Every individual is equal before and
under the law and has the right to the equal protection and equal benefit of the
law without discrimination and, in particular, without discrimination based on
race, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, sex, age or mental or
physical disability.
(2) Subsection (1) does not preclude any law, program or
activity that has as its object the amelioration of conditions of disadvantaged
individuals or groups including those that are disadvantaged because of race,
national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, sex, age or mental or physical
disability.
16. (1) English and French are the official
languages of Canada and have equality of status and equal rights and privileges
as to their use in all institutions of the Parliament and government of
Canada.
(2) English and French are the official languages of New
Brunswick and have equality of status and equal rights and privileges as to
their use in all institutions of the legislature and government of New
Brunswick.
(3) Nothing in this Charter limits the authority of
Parliament or a legislature to advance the equality of status or use of English
and French.
16.1 (1) The English linguistic community and the
French linguistic community in New Brunswick have equality of status and equal
rights and privileges, including the right to distinct educational institutions
and such distinct cultural institutions as are necessary for the preservation
and promotion of those communities.
(2) The role of the legislature and government of New
Brunswick to preserve and promote the status, rights and privileges referred to
in subsection (1) is affirmed.
17. (1) Everyone has the right to use English or
French in any debates and other proceedings of Parliament.
(2) Everyone has the right to use English or French in
any debates and other proceedings of the legislature of New Brunswick.
18. (1) The statutes, records and journals of
Parliament shall be printed and published in English and French and both
language versions are equally authoritative.
(2) The statutes, records and journals of the
legislature of New Brunswick shall be printed and published in English and
French and both language versions are equally authoritative.
19. (1) Either English or French may be used by
any person in, or in any pleading in or process issuing from, any court
established by Parliament.
(2) Either English or French may be used by any person
in, or in any pleading in or process issuing from, any court of New
Brunswick.
20. (1) Any member of the public in Canada has
the right to communicate with, and to receive available services from, any head
or central office of an institution of the Parliament or government of Canada in
English or French, and has the same right with respect to any other office of
any such institution where
(a) there is a significant demand for
communications with and services from that office in such language; or
(b) due to the nature of the office, it is
reasonable that communications with and services from that office be available
in both English and French.
(2) Any member of the public in New Brunswick has the
right to communicate with, and to receive available services from, any office of
an institution of the legislature or government of New Brunswick in English or
French.
21. Nothing in sections 16 to 20 abrogates or
derogates from any right, privilege or obligation with respect to the English
and French languages, or either of them, that exists or is continued by virtue
of any other provision of the Constitution of Canada.
22. Nothing in sections 16 to 20 abrogates or
derogates from any legal or customary right or privilege acquired or enjoyed
either before or after the coming into force of this Charter with respect to any
language that is not English or French.
Minority Language Educational Rights
23. (1) Citizens of Canada
(a) whose first language learned and still
understood is that of the English or French linguistic minority population of
the province in which they reside, or
(b) who have received their primary school
instruction in Canada in English or French and reside in a province where the
language in which they received that instruction is the language of the English
or French linguistic minority population of the province,
have the right to have their children receive primary
and secondary school instruction in that language in that province.
(2) Citizens of Canada of whom any child has received or
is receiving primary or secondary school instruction in English or French in
Canada, have the right to have all their children receive primary and secondary
school instruction in the same language.
(3) The right of citizens of Canada under subsections
(1) and (2) to have their children receive primary and secondary school
instruction in the language of the English or French linguistic minority
population of a province
(a) applies wherever in the province the number
of children of citizens who have such a right is sufficient to warrant the
provision to them out of public funds of minority language instruction;
and
(b) includes, where the number of those children
so warrants, the right to have them receive that instruction in minority
language educational facilities provided out of public funds.
Enforcement
24. (1) Anyone whose rights or freedoms, as
guaranteed by this Charter, have been infringed or denied may apply to a court
of competent jurisdiction to obtain such remedy as the court considers
appropriate and just in the circumstances.
(2) Where, in proceedings under subsection (1), a court
concludes that evidence was obtained in a manner that infringed or denied any
rights or freedoms guaranteed by this Charter, the evidence shall be excluded if
it is established that, having regard to all the circumstances, the admission of
it in the proceedings would bring the administration of justice into
disrepute.
General
25. The guarantee in this Charter of certain
rights and freedoms shall not be construed so as to abrogate or derogate from
any aboriginal, treaty or other rights or freedoms that pertain to the
aboriginal peoples of Canada including
(a) any rights or freedoms that have been
recognized by the Royal Proclamation of October 7, 1763; and
(b) any rights or freedoms that now exist by way
of land claims agreements or may be so acquired.
26. The guarantee in this Charter of certain
rights and freedoms shall not be construed as denying the existence of any other
rights or freedoms that exist in Canada.
27. This Charter shall be interpreted in a manner
consistent with the preservation and enhancement of the multicultural heritage
of Canadians.
28. Notwithstanding anything in this Charter, the
rights and freedoms referred to in it are guaranteed equally to male and female
persons.
29. Nothing in this Charter abrogates or
derogates from any rights or privileges guaranteed by or under the Constitution
of Canada in respect of denominational, separate or dissentient schools.
30. A reference in this Charter to a Province or
to the legislative assembly or legislature of a province shall be deemed to
include a reference to the Yukon Territory and the Northwest Territories, or to
the appropriate legislative authority thereof, as the case may be.
31. Nothing in this Charter extends the
legislative powers of any body or authority.
Application of Charter
32. (1) This Charter applies
(a) to the Parliament and government of Canada in
respect of all matters within the authority of Parliament including all matters
relating to the Yukon Territory and Northwest Territories; and
(b) to the legislature and government of each
province in respect of all matters within the authority of the legislature of
each province.
(2) Notwithstanding subsection (1), section 15 shall not
have effect until three years after this section comes into force.
33. (1) Parliament or the legislature of a
province may expressly declare in an Act of Parliament or of the legislature, as
the case may be, that the Act or a provision thereof shall operate
notwithstanding a provision included in section 2 or sections 7 to 15 of this
Charter.
(2) An Act or a provision of an Act in respect of which
a declaration made under this section is in effect shall have such operation as
it would have but for the provision of this Charter referred to in the
declaration.
(3) A declaration made under subsection (1) shall cease
to have effect five years after it comes into force or on such earlier date as
may be specified in the declaration.
(4) Parliament or the legislature of a province may
re-enact a declaration made under subsection (1).
(5) Subsection (3) applies in respect of a re-enactment
made under subsection (4).
Citation
34. This Part may be cited as the Canadian
Charter of Rights and Freedoms.
Famous Speeches
…If all earthly power were given me, I should not know what to do as to the existing institution. My first impulse would be to free all the slaves and send them to … their own native land. But a moment’s reflection would convince me that whatever of high hope (as I think there is) there may be in this in the long run, its sudden execution is impossible.… What then? Free them all and keep them among us as underlings? Is it quite certain that this betters their condition? I think I would not hold one in slavery, at any rate; yet the point is not clear enough for me to denounce people upon.
What next? Free them and make them politically and socially our equals? My own feelings will not admit of this, and if mine would, we well know that the great mass of white peoples will not. Whether this feeling accords with justice and sound judgment is not the sole question, if, indeed, it is any part of it. A universal feeling, whether well- or ill-founded, cannot be safely disregarded. We cannot, then, make them equals. It does seem to me that systems of gradual emancipation might be adopted; but for their tardiness in this, I will not undertake to judge our brethren of the South.…
Lincolin in a Speech about Slavery in Peoria, Illinois
Famous Speeches
Sometimes I have succeeded and sometimes I have failed, but always I have taken heart from what Theodore Roosevelt once said about the man in the arena, “whose face is marred by dust and sweat and blood, who strives valiantly, who errs and comes short again and again because there is not effort without error and shortcoming, but who does actually strive to do the deed, who knows the great enthusiasms, the great devotions, who spends himself in a worthy cause, who at the best knows in the end the triumphs of high achievements who at the worst, if he fails, at least fails while daring greatly....”
Nelson Mandela Inaugural Speech
We understand it still that there is no easy road to freedom. We know it well that none of us acting alone can achieve success. We must therefore act together as a united people, for national reconciliation, for nation building, for the birth of a new world.
Let there be justice for all. Let there be peace for all. Let there be work, bread, water, and salt for all. Let each know that for each the body, the mind, and the soul have been freed to fulfill themselves.
Never, never, and never again shall it be that this beautiful land will again experience the oppression of one by another and suffer the indignity of being the skunk of the world. The sun shall never set on so glorious a human achievement. Let freedom reign. God bless Africa.
I Have a Dream...............
I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: 'We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal.'
I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia, the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood.
I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering with the heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice.
I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. I have a dream today!
I have a dream that one day, down in Alabama, with its vicious racists, with its governor having his lips dripping with the words of 'interposition' and 'nullification'—one day right there in Alabama little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls as sisters and brothers. I have a dream today!
I have a dream that one day every valley shall be exalted, and every hill and mountain shall be made low, the rough places will be made plain, and the crooked places will be made straight; 'and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed and all flesh shall see it together.'
By Martin Luther King, Jr.
The Sinews Of Peace
"I have, however, a definite and practical proposal to make for action. Courts and magistrates may be set up but they cannot function without sheriffs and constables. The United Nations Organisation must immediately begin to be equipped with an international armed force. In such a matter we can only go step by step, but we must begin now. I propose that each of the Powers and States should be invited to delegate a certain number of air squadrons to the service of the world organisation. These squadrons would be trained and prepared in their own countries but would move around in rotation from one country to another. They would wear the uniform of their own countries but with different badges. They would not be required to act against their own nation, but in other respects, they would be directed by the world organisation. This might be started on a modest scale and would grow as confidence grew. I wished to see this done after the first world war, and I devoutly trust it may be done forthwith".
Hinted Guidance
I haven’t thrown my papers yet even though I feel like nothing is working with me, one moment I was looking at the sky, I thought what made this thing so huge, without limits at least to our extent of knowledge. I kept looking for minutes and minutes as if someone will come down to me, and give me an idea or a clue to solve this mystery.
Life is a big puzzle, everyone has to enter from his/her door, and get out from a different gate. It seems interesting, and I see it more adventurous, and unexpected journey, for example you may see the life of one person as a very simple, and short trip, but actually, the opposite in the eyes of that person because he/she has seen the whole picture and entered the complicated network, and experienced its every single event that was intended to happen to them.
Moreover, no one can predict even one single minute of his or her own life that made it so vague and deserved to think about. By this way, we obliged to do something unusual or important, if we just acknowledge this; it will be a big achievement. However, we should be positive and optimistic and anticipate good things to happen; we should work and develop our skills to the level that allows us to raise our awareness of life.
In conclusion, there must be something hidden and beyond our imagination that controls our lives and make every single one of us has his or her unique path which is designed for him or her and no body else will share such a way.
Tragedy or Blessing....
Years ago in Scotland, the Clark family had a dream. Clark and his wife worked hard and saved, making plans for their nine children and themselves to travel to the United States. It had taken years, but they had finally saved enough money and had gotten passports and reservations for the whole family on a new liner to the United States.
The entire family was filled with anticipation and excitement about their new life. However, seven days before their departure, the youngest son was bitten by a dog. The doctor sewed up the boy, but hung a yellow sheet on the Clarks' front door. Because the possibility of rabies.
The family dream was dashed. They would not be able to make the trip to America as they had planned. The father filled with disappointment and anger, stomped by the dock to watch the ship leave without the Clark family. The father shed tears of disappointment and cursed both his son and the dog for their misfortune.
Five days later, the tragic news spread though out Scotland, the mighty Titanic had sunk. The unsinkable ship had sunk, taking hundreds of lives with it. The Clark family was to have been on that ship, but because the son had been bitten by a dog, they were left behind in Scotland. When Mr. Clark heard the news he hugged his son and thanked him for saving the family. He thanked God for saving their lives and turning what he had felt was a tragedy into a blessing.
Although we may not understand, all things happen for a reason.
Antibiotics
(Greek anti, “against”; bios, “life”) are chemical compounds used to kill or inhibit the growth of infectious organisms. Originally the term antibiotic referred only to organic compounds, produced by bacteria or molds, that are toxic to other microorganisms. The term is now used loosely to include synthetic and semisynthetic organic compounds. Antibiotic refers generally to antibacterials; however, because the term is loosely defined, it is preferable to specify compounds as being antimalarials, antivirals, or antiprotozoals. All antibiotics share the property of selective toxicity: They are more toxic to an invading organism than they are to an animal or human host. Penicillin is the most well-known antibiotic and has been used to fight many infectious diseases, including syphilis, gonorrhea, tetanus, and scarlet fever. Another antibiotic, streptomycin, has been used to combat tuberculosis.
Marco Polo (1254-1324)
Venetian traveler and
author, whose account of his travels and experiences in China
offered Europeans a firsthand view of Asian lands and stimulated interest in
Asian trade.Marco Polo was born in Venice, one of the most prominent centers of trade in
medieval Europe, into a merchant family.Little is known about Marco Polo’s early life, because his own account of his
travels, published later in his life.Marco Polo’s account is also the primary source of information about the travels
of his father and uncle, Niccolò and Maffeo Polo, who were jewel merchants. They
left Venice in 1260 on a commercial venture to the Black Sea ports of
Constantinople (now İstanbul, Turkey) and Soldaia (now Sudak, Ukraine). From
Soldaia they continued farther east to trading cities on the Volga River in
present-day Russia. In 1262 a war broke out behind them and prevented them from
returning home, so they proceeded farther east to the great Central Asian
trading city of Bukhara (in present-day Uzbekistan). After three
years there they joined a diplomatic mission going to the court of Kublai
Khan, the Mongol ruler of China. The khan received them
warmly and expressed a desire to learn more about Christianity. He asked the
Polo brothers to return to Europe and persuade the pope to send Christian
scholars who could explain the religion to him. Niccolò and Maffeo journeyed
back to Europe in 1269 to satisfy the khan’s request.
C-reactive Protein
Globulin that precipitates C carbohydrate in blood of patients with inflammation. It is an indicator used to test for rheumatic fever.
Subscribe to:
Posts
(
Atom
)